Background
American Journal of Public Health 99.6 (June 2009).
This issue of the American Journal of Public Health contains multiple articles on the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States.
American Journal of Public Health, AIDS at 25 Special Issue 96.6 (June 2006).
This issue of the American Journal of Public Health is devoted entirely to research and editorials related to the AIDS epidemic. Articles include in depth studies of vulnerable populations, the demography of the epidemic in the South and efficacy reports of prevention programs.
Bozette, Samuel A., et al. ”The Care of HIV-Infected Adults in the United States.” New England Journal of Medicine 339.26(December 1998).
Based on findings from the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study (HCSUS), this article describes the population of HIV-positive people in care in the U.S.
Campsmith M.L., P.H. Rhodes, H. I. Hall, and T. A. Green. “Undiagnosed HIV Prevalence among Adults and Adolescents in the United States at the End of 2006.” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 53.5 (April 2010).
This analysis describes adults/adolescents (age 13 years and older) living with undiagnosed HIV infection in the United States at the end of 2006, including by race/ethnicity and transmission category.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, HIV/AIDS in America Issue, 55.21 (June 2006).
This volume of the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report consists entirely of HIV/AIDS related articles to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the first reported AIDS case to the CDC.
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Special Supplement, 45.12 (December 15, 2007).
This supplement was developed based on a national meeting entitled “Opportunities for Improving HIV Diagnosis, Prevention & Access to Care in the U.S.,” held 29–30 November 2006 in Washington, D.C. The supplement includes numerous articles on this topic.
Cochrane Reviews on HIV/AIDS
The Cochrane Collaboration is an international network of people helping healthcare providers, policy makers, patients, their advocates and carers, make well-informed decisions about human health care by preparing, updating and promoting the accessibility of Cochrane Reviews, including multiple reviews on HIV/AIDS topics.
El-Sadr W.M., Mayer K.H., and S.L. Hodder. “AIDS in America — Forgotten but Not Gone.” New England Journal of Medicine 362 (February 2010).
This article focuses on the continuing impact of HIV/AIDS in the United States and argues that to control the epidemic, there is an urgent need to acknowledge that HIV remains a major health threat in the United States and to devote more resources to addressing it.
Fauci A.S. “25 Years of HIV.” Nature 453.7193 (May 15, 2008).
Reflecting on how far we have come scientifically since isolating HIV in 1983, Anthony S. Fauci urges a renewed commitment to the far greater challenges ahead, especially that of vaccine development.
Friedman S.R., Cooper H.L.F., and A.H. Osborne. “Structural and Social Contexts of HIV Risk Among African Americans.” American Journal of Public Health 99 (June 2009).
This article argues for the need to address social context and structural factors in HIV interventions targeting African Americans.
Hall H.I. et al. “Estimation of HIV Incidence in the United States.” Journal of the American Medical Association 300.5 (August 6, 2008).
This study provides the first direct estimates of HIV incidence in the United States using laboratory technologies previously implemented only in clinic-based settings. New HIV infections in the United States remain concentrated among men who have sex with men and among black individuals.
Hall H.I., An Q., Hutchinson A.B., and S. Sansom. "Estimating the Lifetime Risk of a Diagnosis of the HIV Infection in 33 States, 2004-2005." Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 49.3 (November 2008).
This article provides the results of an analysis of the lifetime risk and age-conditional risk of being diagnosed with HIV in 33 states with name-based HIV reporting.
HIV Insite Knowledge Base is a comprehensive, on-line textbook of HIV disease from the University of California San Francisco and San Francisco General Hospital.
Holtgrave D.R. "Cause of the Decline of AIDS Deaths, United States 1995-2002: Prevention, Treatment or Both?", International Journal of STDs and AIDS 16.12 (December 2005).
This article uses quantitative methods of data analysis to examine the causes of the decline in domestic AIDS mortality in the late 90s.
Jaffe H. "Whatever Happened to the U.S. AIDS Epidemic?" Science 305.5688 (August 2004).
This article examines the decreasing interest in the domestic HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States, identifies several key challenges to HIV prevention in this context and offers solutions to address these challenges.
Kaiser Family Foundation, Fact Sheets on HIV/AIDS
The Kaiser Family Foundatoin provides up-to-date fact sheets on a range of HIV/AIDS issues specific to the U.S., including:
Karon, J.M., et al. "HIV in the United States at the Turn of the Century: An Epidemic in Transition.", American Journal of Public Health, 91.7 (July 2001).
This article describes trends in the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States, and concludes that HIV/AIDS increasingly affects women minorities, persons infected through heterosexual contact, and the poor.
McCree, D.H. “A Plan of Action for Tackling HIV/AIDS Among African Americans.” American Journal of Public Health 99 (June 2009).
This article focuses on the need to develop a new plan of action to address HIV/AIDS in the African American community.
McDavid K., Li J., and Lee, L.M. “Racial and Ethnic Disparities in HIV Diagnoses for Women in the United States.” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 42.1 (May 2006).
This study examines the key trends in HIV diagnoses for women with an emphasis on the comparison between different ethnic minority groups.
Purcell D.C. and McCree, D.H., “Recommendations From a Research Consultation to Address Intervention Strategies for HIV/AIDS Prevention Focused on African Americans”, American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 99, November 2009.
This article reports on the results of an October 2007 meeting convened by 3 federal agencies to focus on new intervention strategies and current effective intervention strategies that should be more widely disseminated to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic among African Americans.
Statistics in Medicine, Special Issue 27.23 (October 15, 2008).
This special issue includes papers from the NIAID workshop on statistical methods in HIV/AIDS research and its practical application.
Tempalski, B. et al. “HIV Prevalence Rates among Injection Drug Users in 96 Large US Metropolitan Areas, 1992–2002.” Journal of Urban Health 86.1 (January 2009).
This research presents estimates of HIV prevalence rates among injection drug users (IDUs) in large US metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) during 1992–2002. Trend data on HIV prevalence rates in geographic areas over time are important for research on determinants of changes in HIV among IDUs.
Wyatt, G.E. “Enhancing Cultural and Contextual Intervention Strategies to Reduce HIV/AIDS among African Americans.”, American Journal of Public Health 99 (November 2009).
This researcher proposes the use of the Sexual Health Model as a conceptual framework for HIV prevention interventions targeting African Americans.
Financing
Chen, R.Y. et al. “Distribution of Healthcare Expenditures for HIV Infected Patients.”Clinical Infectious Diseases 42.7 (April 2006).
This study examines the health care expenditures for patients engaged in highly active antiretroviral therapy in the context of Medicare reimbursement rates.
Cohen, D.A., Wu S.Y., and T.A. Farley. “Cost-Effectiveness of Allocation of Government Funds to Prevent HIV Infection.” Health Affairs 24.4 (2005).
This article uses a mathematical model to analyze the most efficient allocation of funds for the purpose of HIV infection prevention.
Congressional Research Service, RL 33279, The Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program, Johnson J, (February 4, 2010).
This report from the Congressional Research Service summarizes provisions of the federal Ryan White program, including its different components, services supported, and changes made during the most recent reauthorization.
Congressional Research Service, RL30731, AIDS Funding for Federal Government Programs: FY1981-FY2009, Johnson J, (April 23, 2008).
This report from the Congressional Research Service reviews Federal discretionary and entitlement funding for HIV/AIDS programs from FY81-FY2009.
Funders Concerned About AIDS (FCAA) conducts regular analysis of U.S. philanthropic support to address HIV/AIDS. Additional information on this topic is provided here.
Government Accountability Office (GAO), Ryan White CARE Act: Health Resources and Services Administration's Implementation of Certain Provisions Hampered by Lack of Timely and Accurate Information, GAO-09-1020, (September 29, 2009).
This GAO report examines the implementation of the unobligated balance provisions of the Ryan White program, HRSA's actions to collect client-level data, and the status of ADAP waiting lists.
Government Accountability Office (GAO), Ryan White CARE Act: Effects of Certain Funding Provisions on Grant Awards, GAO-09-894, (September 18, 2009).
This GAO report examines new funding provisions of the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Treatment Modernization Act of 2006 (RWTMA) which reauthorized the Ryan White program.
Government Accountability Office (GAO), Ryan White CARE Act: Implementation of the New Minority AIDS Initiative Provisions, GAO-09-315, (March 27, 2009).
This GAO report examines the Minority AIDS Initiative and related issues.
Government Accountability Office (GAO),Ryan White Care Act: First-Year Experiences under the Part D Administrative Expense Cap, GAO-09-140, (December 19, 2008).
This GAO report reviews Part D spending under the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Treatment and Modernization Act of 2006 (RWTMA).
Government Accountability Office (GAO), Improved Oversight Needed to Ensure ADAP Obtain Best Prices for Drugs, GAO-06-646, (April 26, 2006).
This GAO report examines the 52 AIDS Drug Assistance Programs and recommends more stringent oversight of the national program.
Government Accountability Office (GAO), Changes Needed to Improve the Distribution of Ryan White CARE Act and Housing Funds, GAO-06-332, (February 28, 2006).
This GAO report examines the allocation and distribution of Ryan White CARE Act and HOPWA funds as well as potential distribution differences that could result from incorporating HIV case counts in CARE Act and HOPWA funding formulas.
Institute of Medicine, Public Financing and Delivery of HIV/AIDS Care: Securing the Legacy of Ryan White, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, (2004).
This report examines the current standard of care for HIV patients and assesses the extent to which the current system for financing and delivering care allows individuals with HIV to actually receive the care they need. The book recommends expanded federal funding for the treatment of individuals with HIV, administered at the state level.
Institute of Medicine, Measuring What Matters: Allocation, Planning and Quality Assessment for the Ryan White CARE Act, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, (2004).
This report addresses whether Ryan White CARE Act allocation strategies are an equitable and efficient way of distributing resources and whether quality of care can be refined and expanded. The report proposes several types of analyses that could be used to guide the evaluation and improvement of allocation formulas, as well as a framework for assessing quality of care provided to HIV-infected persons.
Kahn J.G., et al. ”Health and Federal Budgetary Effects of Increasing Access to Antiretroviral Medications for HIV by Expanding Medicaid.” American Journal of Public Health 91.9 (2001).
This article discusses a study that modeled the health and federal fiscal effects of expanding Medicaid for HIV-positive people to improve access to antiretroviral therapy. The authors conclude that expanding Medicaid eligibility would have substantial health benefits at affordable costs.
Kaiser Family Foundation, U.S. Federal Funding for HIV/AIDS
Updated annually, this fact sheet provides an overview of federal funding for HIV/AIDS in the President’s Fiscal year budget request, and comparisons over time. It includes key funding highlights for domestic and global HIV/AIDS programs.
Kaiser Family Foundation and National Alliance of State and Territorial AIDS Directors, The National HIV Prevention Inventory: The State of HIV Prevention Across the U.S., (2009).
This report provides the first comprehensive inventory of how HIV prevention is delivered across the country, based on a survey of the 65 health departments receiving direct federal HIV prevention funding, including every state and territory, plus six cities.
Kaiser Family Foundation and National Alliance of State and Territorial AIDS Directors, The National ADAP Monitoring Project.
The National ADAP Monitoring Project, an initiative of the Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF) and the National Alliance of State and Territorial AIDS Directors (NASTAD), has conducted annual surveys of state AIDS Drug Assistance Programs (ADAPs) since 1996. ADAPs, part of the Ryan White Program, provide HIV/AIDS-related prescription drugs to low-income, uninsured and underinsured individuals living with HIV/AIDS. ADAPs operate in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. territories and associated jurisdictions. The National ADAP Monitoring Project provides data on the fiscal, administrative, and programmatic status of ADAPs across the country.
Kaiser Family Foundation, Financing HIV/AIDS Care: A Quilt with Many Holes, (May 2004).
There are multiple sources of insurance coverage and care for people with HIV/AIDS in the United States, and as a result, the current system of financing for HIV care is a complex patchwork that leaves some outside the system and presents others with barriers to needed access. This updated report provides a comprehensive overview of the current financing system for HIV/AIDS care in the U.S.
Prevention and Treatment
AIDSinfo
AIDSinfo, a project of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), provides the latest federally approved information on HIV/AIDS clinical research, treatment and prevention, and medical practice guidelines for people living with HIV/AIDS, their families and friends, health care providers, scientists, and researchers.
Aral S.O., Adimora A.A., and K.A. Fenton. “Understanding and Responding to Disparities in HIV and other Sexually Transmitted Infections in African Americans.” Lancet 372.9635 (July 26, 2008).
This article explores some of the complex factors that help to explain disparities in HIV and other sexually transmitted infection rates among African Americans, compared to whites, in the U.S. It examines the increasing evidence that the disparity is not solely a result of individual risk behaviours, but broader, population and system issues, including the interplay between individual-level and population-level.
Arbelaez, C. et al. “Rapid HIV Testing Program Implementation: Lessons from the Emergency Department.”,
Int J Emerg Med 2.3 (September 1, 2009).
This article presents the results of a randomized clinical trial evaluating the feasibility and cost effectiveness of implementing an HIV-testing program in the emergency department of a major academic medical center.
Black AIDS Institute, Passing the Test: The Challenges and Opportunities of HIV Testing in Black America, (June 2009).
This report, from the Black AIDS Institute, in partnership with the Global Business Coalition on HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis & Malaria (GBC) and the National Association of People with AIDS (NAPWA), focuses on the importance of knowing one’s HIV status and looks at the reasons Black Americans get tested for HIV or not; describes the evolution of HIV testing technology; and looks at the impact of stigma on our willingness to get tested.
Black AIDS Institute, Left Behind: Black America: A Neglected Priority in the Global AIDS Epidemic, (August 2008).
This report from the Black AIDS Institute highlights the disproportionate impact of HIV/AIDS on Black Americans. It uses the lens of comparing Black America to other parts of the world that have been hard hit by the epidemic, to illustrate the severity of the problem and provides recommendations for moving forward.
Bozette, S et al. ”The Care of HIV-Infected Adults in the United States”, New England Journal of Medicine 339.26 (December 1998).
Based on findings from the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study (HCSUS), this article describes the population of HIV-positive people in care in the U.S.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Prevention in the United States at a Critical Crossroads, (August 2009).
This article provides an update on HIV prevention in the U.S. arguing that it is possible to end the epidemic if access to proven HIV prevention programs is dramatically expanded and if tough choices are made about directing available resources and effectively integrating new HIV prevention approaches into existing programs.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), HIV/AIDS Prevention Research Synthesis Project
The HIV/AIDS Prevention Research Synthesis (PRS) Project, through its ongoing efficacy review process, identifies evidence-based HIV behavioral interventions to help HIV prevention planners and providers in the United States select interventions most appropriate for their communities. These are listed in the 2009 Compendium of Evidence-based HIV Prevention Interventions.
Cochrane Reviews on HIV/AIDS
The Cochrane Collaboration is an international network of people helping healthcare providers, policy makers, patients, their advocates and carers, make well-informed decisions about human health care by preparing, updating and promoting the accessibility of Cochrane Reviews, including multiple reviews on HIV/AIDS topics.
Cohen M.S. and C.D. Pilcher. “Amplified HIV Transmission and New Approaches to HIV Infection.” Journal of Infectious Diseases 191.9 (May 2005).
This article discusses new information about the transmission of HIV in heterosexual intercourse and the implications for prevention programs.
Fleishman, J.A., et al. “Hospital and Outpatient Health Services Utilization Among HIV-Infected Adults in Care 2000–2002.” Medical Care 43.9 (September 2005).
This article examines the sociodemographic and clinical correlates of inpatient and outpatient
HIV-related health service utilization.
Government Accountability Office (GAO), HIV/AIDS: Federal and State Efforts to Identify Infected Individuals and Connect Them to Care, GAO-09-985, (September 23, 2009).
This GAO report examines CDC and HRSA's coordination on HIV activities and steps they have taken to encourage routine HIV testing; implementation of routine HIV testing by select state and local health departments; available information on CDC funding for HIV testing; and available data on the number of HIV-positive individuals not receiving care for HIV.
Government Accountability Office (GAO), Indian Health Service: HIV/AIDS Prevention and Treatment Services for American Indians and Alaska Natives, GAO-08-90, (December 14, 2007).
This GAO report GAO examined the extent to which the Indian Health Service (IHS) provided HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment services as well as other HIV/AIDS-related initiatives.
HIV Insite Knowledge Base is a comprehensive, on-line textbook of HIV disease from the University of California San Francisco and San Francisco General Hospital, which includes chapters and data on HIV prevention and treatment.
Dworkin S.L., Fullilove, R.E., and D. Peacock. “Are HIV/AIDS Prevention Interventions for Heterosexually Active Men in the United States Gender-Specific.” American Journal of Public Health 99 (June 2009).
This article assesses the extent to which evidence-based HIV-prevention interventions among heterosexually active men in the United States draw upon relevant theories of masculinity and makes suggestions to improve the gender specificity of such interventions.
Fenton, K.A. “Prevention with HIV-Positive Men who have Sex with Men: Regaining Lost Ground.”, Sexually Transmitted Infections 86 (February 2010).
This article assesses the impact of HIV among men who have sex with men and the status of prevention strategies.
Peterson, J.L., and K.T. Jones. “HIV Prevention for Black Men Who Have Sex With Men in the United States.”, American Journal of Public Health 99 (June 2009).
This article examines the impact of HIV/AIDS on Black men who have sex with men (MSM) in the United States, focusing on social context and the importance of structural interventions for prevention efforts.
Holtgrave, D.R. “Is the Elimination of HIV Infection Within Reach in the United States? Lessons from an Epidemiologic Transmission Model.” Public Health Reports 125 (May–June, 2010).
This article addresses the question of whether it is possible to eliminate HIV in the U.S. and demonstrates that if the HIV transmission rate were reduced by 50%, then the reproductive rate of HIV infection would drop below unity and lead to eventual elimination of infection.
Holtgrave, D.R., et al. “Updated Annual HIV Transmission Rates in the United States, 1977-2006.” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 50.2 (February 2009).
This article presents the results of an analysis of HIV transmission rates in the U.S., which are helpful for providing an indication of whether HIV prevention efforts are serving to control the epidemic.
Holtgrave, D.R., and J. Kates. “HIV Incidence and CDC’s HIV Prevention Budget: An Exploratory Correlational Analysis.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 32.1 (2007).
This exploratory study provides correlational evidence of a relationship between U.S. HIV incidence and the federal HIV prevention budget over time, and calls for further analysis of the role of funding and other factors that may influence the direction of a nation’s HIV epidemic.
Holtgrave, D.R. “When “Heightened” Means “Lessened”: The Case of HIV Prevention Resources in the United States.”, Journal of Urban Health 84.5 (September 2007).
This research assess the CDC’s HIV prevention budget, and implications for combating the HIV epidemic in the United States.
Holtgrave, D.R. and J. W. Curran. “What Works and What Remains to be Done in HIV Prevention in the United States.” Annual Review of Public Health 27 (2006).
This article examines HIV prevention efforts in the United States and analyzes the efficacy of different programs. The authors offer policy and program recommendations to enhance the quality of HIV prevention.
Institute of Medicine, Workshop on HIV Screening and Access to Care.
The Office of National AIDS Policy (ONAP) has been charged to develop a National HIV/AIDS Strategy within the upcoming year. In support of this activity, the ONAP requested that the Institute of Medicine convene a committee to conduct a series of three workshops and data gathering activities that will result in a series of three brief reports.
Institute of Medicine, No Time to Lose: Getting More from HIV Prevention, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, (2001).
This report reviews current HIV prevention efforts in the United States and recommends a more comprehensive national HIV prevention strategy to better respond to the changing demographic trends of the epidemic. The report lays out several steps necessary to achieve the recommended goal of preventing as many new HIV infections as possible with available resources.
Janssen, R.S., et al. “The Serostatus Approach to Fighting the HIV Epidemic: Prevention Strategies for Infected Individuals.” American Journal of Public Health 91.7 (July 2001).
This article discusses the Serostatus Approach to Fighting the Epidemic (SAFE), a strategy to expand prevention programs to include individuals already living with HIV/AIDS, as a supplement to current programs that primarily focus on reducing the risk of acquisition of the virus.
Joint Center Health Policy Institute, Following the Money: Tracking Federal AIDS Appropriations to Address Disparities in HIV and AIDS Treatment in the United States, (April 2010).
This study analyzes the funds and resources provided under the Ryan White Act and concludes that the allocation does not adequately address the needs of the minority AIDS community, and does not reflect the epidemic’s impact in rural, Southern communities, which are primarily African American communities.
Kaiser Family Foundation and National Alliance of State and Territorial AIDS Directors, The National HIV Prevention Inventory: The State of HIV Prevention Across the U.S., (2009).
This report provides the first comprehensive inventory of how HIV prevention is delivered across the country, based on a survey of the 65 health departments receiving direct federal HIV prevention funding, including every state and territory, plus six cities.
Kaiser Family Foundation and National Alliance of State and Territorial AIDS Directors, The National ADAP Monitoring Project.
The National ADAP Monitoring Project, an initiative of the Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF) and the National Alliance of State and Territorial AIDS Directors (NASTAD), has conducted annual surveys of state AIDS Drug Assistance Programs (ADAPs) since 1996. ADAPs, part of the Ryan White Program, provide HIV/AIDS-related prescription drugs to low-income, uninsured and underinsured individuals living with HIV/AIDS. ADAPs operate in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. territories and associated jurisdictions. The National ADAP Monitoring Project provides data on the fiscal, administrative, and programmatic status of ADAPs across the country.
Kaiser Family Foundation, The Role of Part D for People with HIV/AIDS: Coverage and Cost of Antiretrovirals Under Medicare Drug Plans, (August 2006).
This report assesses the implications of the Medicare Part D prescription drug benefit for people living with HIV/AIDS. It looks at the coverage and cost of antiretroviral drugs under the new private, stand-alone Medicare drug plans.
Kaiser Family Foundation, Policy Brief: Minority AIDS Initiative, (June 2004).
This policy brief provides an overview of the Minority AIDS Initiative, was created in 1998 by the U.S. government to respond to growing concern about the impact of HIV/AIDS on racial and ethnic minorities.
Kaiser Family Foundation, Fact Sheets on HIV/AIDS
The Kaiser Family Foundation provides up-to-date fact sheets on a range of HIV/AIDS issues specific to the U.S., including:
Keruly, J.C., Conviser, R., and R.D. Moore. “Association of Medical Insurance and Other Factors With Receipt of Antiretroviral Therapy.”, American Journal of Public Health 92 (May 2002).
This article examines the association between antiretroviral therapy use and factors such as insurance status, age and race.
Kippax, S. “Sustaining Safe Practice: Twenty Years On.” Social Science & Medicine 57 (2003).
The paper examines the changing responses of gay men to HIV risk, describes a range of risk reduction strategies and compares the responses of populations at risk of HIV in the years before the advent of highly active antiviral therapy (HAART) with their responses after the introduction of HAART in 1996.
Korthuis, P.T., et al. “Impact of Patient Race on Patient Experiences of Access and Communication in HIV Care.” Journal of General Internal Med 23.12 (December 2008).
This article explores associations between race and HIV-infected patients' experiences of access and communication, using a cross-sectional survey. It finds racial disparities in patients' experience of access to care but not in patient-provider communication. Disparities were explained by poor access at minority-serving clinics.
Levi, J. “Ensuring Timely Access to Care for People With HIV Infection: A Public Health Imperative.” American Journal of Public Health 92 (March 2002).
This editorial discusses efforts to address the epidemic in the United States, reviewing challenges and opportunities, including the challenges of late HIV diagnosis and importance of being tested for HIV.
Levi, J., and J. Kates. “HIV: Challenging the Health Care Delivery System.” American Journal of Public Health 90.7 (July 2000).
This article discusses how uneven access among people living with HIV/AIDS reflects the underlying problems of the US health care system.
Linas, B.P. et al. “Improving Outcomes in State AIDS Drug Assistance Programs.” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 51.5 (August 15, 2009).
This analysis determines ADAP eligibility criteria that minimize morbidity and mortality and contain costs, finding that when resources are limited, programs that provide antiretroviral therapy can improve outcomes by prioritizing patients with low CD4 counts.
Losina, E., et al. “Racial and Sex Disparities in Life Expectancy Losses among HIV-Infected Persons in the United States: Impact of Risky Behavior, Late Initiation, and Early Discontinuation of Antiretroviral Therapy.” Clin Infect Dis 49.10 (November 15, 2009).
This analysis uses a state-transition model of HIV disease to assess race and sex disparities in life expectancy among those who are HIV positive, finding that the high-risk profile of HIV-infected persons, HIV infection itself, as well as late initiation and early discontinuation of care, all lead to substantial decreases in life expectancy. Survival disparities resulting from late initiation and early discontinuation of therapy are most pronounced for Hispanic HIV-infected men and women.
MacKellar, D.A., et al. “Perceptions of Lifetime Risk and Actual Risk for Acquiring HIV among Young Men who Have Sex with Men.” AIDS and Behavior 11.2 (March 2007).
This article evaluates the magnitude and correlates of perceived lifetime risk for acquiring HIV among young men who have sex with men (MSM) surveyed in six US cities. It also evaluates missed opportunities to increase risk perception by providers of health-care and HIV-testing services.
Marks, G., Crepaz, N., and R.S. Janssen. “Estimating Sexual Transmission of HIV from Persons Aware and Unaware that they Are Infected with the Virus in the USA.” AIDS 20 (June 2006).
This article estimates relative contribution of those who are aware they are HIV positive and those who are unaware to in sexually transmitting new HIV infections to at-risk (HIV-negative or unknown serostatus) partners in the USA. It finds that he HIV/AIDS epidemic can be lessened substantially by increasing the number of HIV-positive persons who are aware of their status.
Mayer, K.H. and H.F. Pizer HF (eds). HIV Prevention: A Comprehensive Approach, Academic Press, (2009).
This edited volume represents a comprehensive, medically-based, book on HIV prevention. It discusses a multitude of aspects of AIDS prevention, from epidemiology, molecular immunology and virology to the principles of broad-based public health prevention interventions, and includes a special focus on the array of interventions that have been proven effective through rigorous study
McDavid, H.K., et al. “County-Level Socioeconomic Status and Survival after HIV Diagnosis, United States.”, Annals of Epidemiology 18.12 (December 2008).
This analysis provides estimates of the relative survival (RS) after human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnosis, by race/ethnicity and county-level socioeconomic status (SES).
Millen, J.C., Arbelaez, C., and R.P. Walensky. “Implications and Impact of the New US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention HIV Testing Guidelines.” Curr Infect Dis Rep 10.2 (March 2008).
These researchers examine the challenges presented by the new CDC HIV testing guidelines for health care providers, hospitals, government agencies, and community advocacy groups.
Public Health Reports, Vol 125, Supplement: HIV Prevention Services for Minorities, (2010).
This special issue of Public Health Reports focuses on HIV prevention for minorities, looking specifically at innovations and advances that more precisely deliver prevention information to specific populations using new communications channels or intervention venues.
Walensky, R.P., et al. “Cost-Effectiveness of HIV Testing and Treatment in the United States.” Clin Infect Dis 45, Suppl 4, (Dec 15, 2007).
This article reviews the methods and results of cost-effectiveness studies in the United States and articulates why routine, voluntary HIV testing is not only of crucial public health importance but also economically justified.
Paltiel, A.D., et al. “Expanded HIV Screening in the United States: Effect on Clinical Outcomes, HIV Transmission, and Costs.” Annals of Internal Medicine 145.11 (December 5, 2006).
This article seeks to inform the design of HIV screening programs by identifying combinations of screening frequency and HIV prevalence and incidence at which screening is cost-effective. The analysis indicates that routine, rapid HIV testing is recommended for all adults except in settings where there is evidence that the prevalence of undiagnosed HIV infection is below 0.2%.
Paltiel, A.D., et al. “HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis in the United States: Impact on Lifetime Infection Risk, Clinical Outcomes, and Cost-Effectiveness.” Clin Infect Dis 48.6 (March 2009).
The combination of tenofovir and emtricitabine shows promise as HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). This research seeks to forecast clinical, epidemiologic, and economic outcomes of PrEP, taking into account uncertainties regarding efficacy, the risks of developing drug resistance and toxicity, behavioral disinhibition, and drug costs.
Purcell, D.W., et al. “Calculating HIV and Syphilis Rates for Risk Groups: Estimating the National Population Size of Men Who Have Sex with Men.”, Latebreaker #22896, Presented March 10, 2010, 2010 National STD Prevention Conference; Atlanta, GA.
This analysis provides an estimate of the population size of men who have sex with men (MSM) in the United States to calculate HIV and syphilis rates and compare these rates with rates for other men and women.
Purcell, D.C., and D.H. McCree. “Recommendations From a Research Consultation to Address Intervention Strategies for HIV/AIDS Prevention Focused on African Americans.” American Journal of Public Health 99 (November 2009).
This article reports on the results of an October 2007 meeting convened by 3 federal agencies to focus on new intervention strategies and current effective intervention strategies that should be more widely disseminated to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic among African Americans.
Schackman, B.R., et al. “The Lifetime Cost of Current Human Immunodeficiency Virus Care in the United States.” Med Care 44.11 (November 2006).
This article seeks to project the lifetime cost of medical care for human immunodefiency virus (HIV)-infected adults using current antiretroviral therapy (ART) standards. It finds that effective ART regimens have substantially improved survival and have increased the lifetime cost of HIV-related medical care in the U.S.
Shapiro, M.F., et al.”Variations in the Care of HIV-Infected Adults in the United States: Results From the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study.” Journal of the American Medical Association 281.24 (June 1999).
Based on findings from the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study, the only nationally representative study of people with HIV/AIDS in care in the United States, this article examines variations in the care received by people living with HIV/AIDS in the US. The authors conclude that although access to care improved from 1996 to 1998, care remained sub optimal for many populations.
Sutton, M.Y., et al. “A Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Response to the HIV/AIDS Crisis Among Blacks in the United States, 1981–2009.” American Journal of Public Health 99, Supplement 2 (October 2009).
This article reviews and assess the CDC’s response to the epidemic among Blacks in the U.S. over the course of the epidemic. It finds that although the CDC's efforts to combat HIV/AIDS among Blacks have achieved some success, more must be done to address this crisis.
Wolitski, R.J., et al. “The Effects of HIV Stigma on Health, Disclosure of HIV Status, and Risk Behavior of Homeless and Unstably Housed Persons Living with HIV.”, AIDS and Behavior 13.6 (2009).
This article explores the relationship between HIV-related stigma on health disclosure of HIV status, including the role of housing status. It finds higher levels of stigma experienced by women, homeless participants, those with a high school education or less, and those more recently diagnosed with HIV and that stigma was strongly associated with poorer self-assessed physical and mental health, and perceived external stigma was associated with recent non-adherence to HIV treatment.
Yehia, B.R., et al. “Inpatient Health Services Utilization among HIV-Infected Adult Patients in Care 2002-2007.”, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 53.3 (March 2010).
This study examines the frequency of inpatient hospitalization, the number of inpatient days, and factors associated with inpatient utilization in a multistate HIV cohort between 2002 and 2007.